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The History and Evolution of Computer

For centuries men have tried to use force and artifacts of different type to do their jobs, to make them more simple and fast. The known history of the artifacts calculators or computers, goes back many years before Christ.

The Abacus
Two principles have coexisted on this topic. One is to use things to have either the fingers , stones, shells, seeds . The other is to place these objects in certain positions. These principles are met in the abacus, instrument that serves to day today, to perform complex arithmetic with enormous speed and accuracy.
In the seventeenth century in the West was in use the slide rule, calculator based on research of Nappier, Gunther and Bissaker. John Napier (1550-1617) discovered the relationship between arithmetic and geometric series, creating tables called logarithms. Edmund Gunter is responsible for marking Napier's logarithms in lines. Bissaker in turn places the lines of Nappier and Gunter on a piece of wood, thus creating the slide rule. For over 200 years the slide rule is perfected, becoming a pocket calculator, extremely versatile. In
year 1700 the digital digital computers, represented by the abacus and calculators analog represented by the slide rule, were in common use throughout Europe.

The Pascaline
The first calculating machine mechanics, a precursor of the digital computer was invented in 1642 by mathematician Blaise Pascal French. device that used a set of wheels ten teeth in each a of teeth representing a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added making advance number of tooth. In 1670 the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz perfected this and invented a machine that could also multiply.
The French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard, when designing an automatic loom, used thin wooden plates perforated to control tissue used the complex designs. During the 1880 American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of \u200b\u200busing punched cards, similar to Jacquard's boards, for processing data. Hollerith got compile statistical information to the general population census of 1890 the United States through the use of a system that pretended punched cards on electrical contacts.


The Analytical Engine also in the nineteenth century British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage worked out the principles of digital computer modern. He invented a series of machines, as difference engine, designed to solve complex mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his partner, Augusta Ada Byron British Mathematics (1815-1852), daughter of English poet Lord Byron, as the true inventors of the modern digital computer. The technology of that time was not able to transfer their successful practice concepts, but one of his inventions, the analytical engine, and had many of the characteristics of a modern computer . Included a current or flow of input package in the form of punched cards, a memory to store data, a processor for math and a printer to make permanent registration.

First Computer
analog computers began to be built in the early twentieth century. The first model calculations performed by rotating shafts and gears. With these machines evaluated the numerical approximations of equations too difficult to be able to be resolved by other methods. During two world wars computer systems used analog first mechanical and then electrical, to predict the path of the torpedoes on submarines and the management distance of aviation bombs.

Electronic computers
1944 marks the date of the first computer , current mode, which is put into operation. It's Dr. Howard Aiken at Harvard University, USA, who presented with the name Mark I. This is the first machine of information processing . The Mark I operated electrically, instructions and information are introduced in it by means of punch cards and their components work based on electromechanical principles. Despite its weight exceeding 5 tons and slow compared to current equipment, was the first machine have all the features of a real computer.
The first electronic computer was built terminated in 1946, and JWMauchly JPEckert at the University of Pennsylvania, USA and was called ENIAC. With it begins a new era in which the computer becomes technology development center, and a profound change in the behavior of societies.
War II World (1939-1945), a team of scientists and mathematicians working in Bletchley Park, north London, created what was considered the first fully electronic digital computer, the Colossus . By December 1943 the Colossus , incorporating 1500 valves or vacuum tubes was already operational. It was used by the team led by Alan Turing to decode radio encrypted messages from the Germans. In 1939, independently of this project, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry had already built a prototype electronic machine at Iowa State College (USA). This prototype and research later were anonymous, and were later eclipsed by the development the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (in English ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1945. The ENIAC, which as shown is based on large as the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (English ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer ), obtained a patent that expired in 1973, several decades later.
The ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed several hundred multiplications per minute, but his program was connected the processor and should be changed manually. Is a successor to the ENIAC built with a storage program that was based on the concepts of Hungarian-American mathematician John Von Neumann. The instructions are stored in a memory call, thus freeing the computer speed limitations reader of paper tape during implementation and help remedy problems without need to reconnect to the computer.
the late 1950's the use of transistor in computers marked the advent of smaller logical elements, fast and versatile than machines with valves allowed. Because transistors use much less energy and have a longer shelf life , its development was due to the birth more sophisticated machines, which were calls from computers or second generation. The components are made smaller and the spaces between them, so making system was more expensive .

ICs
the late 1960's appeared the integrated circuit (IC), which enabled the production of multiple transistors on a single silicon substrate in which interconnection cables were soldiers. The integrated circuit allowed a further reduction in price, size and error rates. The microprocessor has become a reality in the mid 1970's, with the introduction of circuit scale integration (LSI, which stands for Large Scale Integrated) and, later, with the integration circuit greater scale ( VLSI stands for Very Large Scale inegrated), with several thousand transistors interconnected soldiers on a single silicon substrate. Generations

Taking account different stages of development that had the computer , consider the following divisions as isolated generation characteristics of each, which are listed below.
First Generation (1951-1958)
(Bulbs)
Features:
systems consisting of vacuum tubes gave off enough heat and had a relatively short life.
large and heavy machines. ENIAC computer is constructed of large (30 tons). High consumption
energy. The tube voltage was 300 v and the possibility of merging was great.
storage of information in magnetic drum interior. A magnetic drum available inside the computer, collect and store the data and programs to be supplied. Continuing
failures or interruptions in the process. They required
systems special auxiliary air conditioning.
Programming in machine language, consisting of long strings of bits, of zeros and ones, so the schedule was long and complex. High cost
.
use of punched cards to provide data and programs .
representative UNIVAC computer and used in presidential elections in 1952 U.S.. Manufacture industrial
. The initiative will venture to enter the field and started mass production of computers.
Second generation (1959-1964)
(Transistors)
When vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors, the latter were more economic , smaller than miniature valves ate less and produced less heat . For all these reasons, the circuit density could be increased significantly, which meant The components that could be placed much closer to each other and save much space .
Features: Transistor as a powerful
principal. The main component is a small piece of semiconductor, and called out in the transistor circuits. Decreased
size. Decreased consumption
and heat production. Reliability
reached unimaginable goals with vacuum tubes ephemeral. Faster
, the speed of operations is no longer measured in seconds but in ms.
internal memory ferrite cores. Instruments
Storage tapes and disks. Improve
input devices and output , for better read punch cards, were available solar cells. Introduction
modular elements .
increases reliability.
printers increase their working capacity . Programming Languages \u200b\u200b
more powerful, assemblers and high level (Fortran, cobol and Algol). Commercial applications
increase for the preparation of payrolls, billing and accounting, etc..
Third generation (1964 - 1971) Circuit
integrated (chips)
Features:
integrated circuit developed in 1958 by Jack Kilbry.
integrated circuit, miniaturization and assembly of hundreds of items in a plate or silicon (chip). Lower power consumption
. Dear
space reduction.
Increased reliability and flexibility.
Increases storage capacity and reducing response time . Generalization
programming languages \u200b\u200bhigh level. Support for
share software among several teams.
IBM 360 Series Computer.
Teleprocess: remote terminals are installed, who access the central computer to perform operations, remove or enter information into data banks, etc ...
Multiprogramming: Computers that can handle multiple programs simultaneously. Timeshare
: Using a computer for several clients shared time since the device can distinguish between different processes carried out simultaneously. Renewal
peripherals.
Implementation of the system. Extending
applications: Process in Education, Home, Agriculture, Administration, Games, etc.
The mini computer.
Fourth generation (1971-1982)
(embedded chips)
The microprocessor: the process of reducing the size of the components is operated at microscopic scales. The micro miniaturization allows you to build the microprocessor integrated circuit that governs the basic functions of the computer.
microprocessor applications have been projected beyond the computer and finds in crowd of devices are medical devices, automotive , toys, household appliances.
Electronic Memories: memories are discarded internal magnetic ferrite cores and memory are introduced Electronic , which are faster. At first the drawback of most cost, but decreases with mass production.
Treatment System database: the quantitative increase in the databases takes create ways to facilitate management tasks browsing and editing. The treatment systems database consists of a set of hardware and software interrelated allows easy use and fast data

Microprocessor Features: Powered by Intel Corporation at the request of a Japanese company (1971).
The Microprocessor: Integrated Circuit board that meets in Silicon the main functions of the computer and mounted on a structure that provides multiple connections with other elements.
circuits are minimized , increases storage capacity.
reduce response time.
Large expansion of the use of computers. Electronic Memories
faster.
treatment systems data bases. Generalization
applications: numerous and affect virtually all fields of activity Human Medicine, Home, Business, Education, Agriculture, Administration, Design, Engineering, etc ... Multithreaded
. Microcomputer


later generation and Artificial Intelligence (1982 -) The purpose of AI is to equip computers with "human intelligence" and the ability to reason to find solutions. Another key factor in the design , the ability of the computer to recognize patterns and sequences of processing that it has found (Heuristic programming) that allows the computer to remember results earlier and included in the processing, in essence, the computer will learn from their experiences will use their original Data for the answer through reasoning and maintain those results for further processing tasks and decision making. The newly acquired knowledge base will serve as for the next set of solutions.
Features: Faster
. Mayor
miniaturization of the elements.
Increases memory capacity.
Multiprocessor (processors interconnected). Natural Language
.
Programming Languages: Progol (Logic Programming) and LISP (List Processing).
voice activated machines that can respond to words spoken in different languages \u200b\u200band dialects. Capacity
translation between languages \u200b\u200bthat allow instant translation of spoken and written languages. Developing intelligent
of knowledge and data processing number.
processing features similar to the sequences of human processes.
Artificial Intelligence gathers within it the following aspects:

Expert Systems An expert system is a Library (providing information), if not, a counselor or specialist in a subject (hence to provide knowledge, advice experienced).
An expert system is a sophisticated computer program, has in its memory and its structure is a large amount of knowledge and, above all, to debug and offer strategies as required, making the system a specialist is scheduled. Doubles
thinking of recognized experts in the fields of medicine , military strategy, oil exploration, etc ... the computer is programmed to react in the same way you would expert to the same questions, drew the same initial findings, monitored in the same way the accuracy of the results and rounded ideas within well-defined principles. Natural Language

that consists of computers (and their applications in robotics) can communicate with people without any difficulty understanding, whether oral or written, talk to machines and that they understand our language and to be made to understand in our language . Robotics

science that deals with the study, development and applications of robots. The Robots are devices composed of sensors that receive input and are connected to the computer. It receives input information and commands the robot to perform a certain action and so on.
The purposes of building robots in his speech lie mainly in manufacturing processes. Eg spray painting, welding car bodies, moving materials, etc ...

speech recognition applications of voice recognition are intended to capture, by a computer, the human voice for the processing of natural language or any other type of function. Source

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