What Does A Football Visor Do

Processor

The microprocessor, or just the mic, is the computer's brain. Is a chip, a type of electronic component inside which there are thousands (or millions) of elements called transistors, whose combination allows work that is entrusted with the chip.
mics, such as call forward, often have a square or rectangle black, van or on an element called socket (socket in English) or soldiers on the board or, in the case of Pentium II, tucked into a kind of cartridge that plugs into the motherboard (although the chip itself is soldered inside the cartridge). Sometimes the micro
is called "the CPU (Central Process Unit, Central Processing Unit), although this term has some ambiguity, it can also refer to the entire box containing the motherboard, micro, cards and the rest of the main circuitry computer.
The speed of a microprocessor is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (1 GHz = 1,000 MHz), although this is only a measure of the brute force of micro, a simple micro and dated to 500 MHz may be much slower than a more complex and modern (with more transistors, more organized ...) to be "only" 400 MHz is the same thing happens with car engines: an engine of the 60 American can have 5,000 cm3 but not has nothing to do against a current multivalve "only" 2,000 cm3.
Because of the extreme difficulty of manufacturing electronic components operating at MHz speeds the immense common today, all modern buses have 2 speeds:

* internal speed: the speed at which the internal microphone works (200, 333, 450 ... MHz).
* external or bus speed, or the "FSB speed", the speed with which they communicate the micro and the motherboard in order to lower the price of it. Typically, 33, 60, 66, 100 or 133 MHz

figure is multiplied by the external speed or plate to give the internal or micro is the multiplier, for example, a Pentium III 450 MHz used a bus speed of 100 MHz and a multiplier of 4.5 x. Parts of a


In a micro chip can differentiate different parts:

* encapsulation: it is what surrounds the silicon wafer itself to consistency, to prevent deterioration (eg by oxidation with air) and allow the connection to the external connectors that flattened its socket or the motherboard.
* the cache, an ultra-fast memory that uses the mic to have on hand some data that is expected to be used in subsequent operations without having to go to the RAM, reducing waiting time.
All micros "PC compatible" from the 486 call have at least the first level internal cache or L1, that is, which is closer to the microphone, so that is encapsulated by his side. The most modern buses (Pentium III Coppermine, Athlon Thunderbird, etc.). Inside also includes another level of cache, larger but somewhat less rapidly, the second level cache or L2.
* the math coprocessor, or, more correctly, the FPU (Floating Point Unit, FPU). Part of the micro specializes in that kind of mathematical calculations once stood outside the bus, on another chip.
* the rest of the micro, which has several parts (whole unit, registers, etc.) Not worth detailing here. The


MHz iCOMP
index should be noted that a micro computer with a 600 MHz will never be twice as fast as one with a micro to 300 MHz, it should be into account other factors like the speed of the plate or the influence of other components.
This is not just on account iCOMP index, a table or graph of values \u200b\u200bof the course performance of Intel-branded buses. It is widely used by Intel in their brochures, but not at all representative of the final performance of a computer running one of these buses.
In fact, the differences are greatly exaggerated, based on tests that almost solely dependent on the micro (and not the motherboard, video card, hard disk ...), so it always seems that the performance the computer will grow linearly with the number of MHz, which does not happen hardly ever. A computer with Pentium MMX 233 MHz is only 3 or 4% better than one at 200 MHz, not 16.5% of the difference in MHz or 11.5% of its indexes iCOMP. Sound unbelievable, but true.
Come on, that if you want to sell a computer with the argument that has x MHz more, or an immense iCOMP index, show very skeptical. Better a computer with all regular components (large memory, good video card ...) a lot of junk to

MHz

Terasil In South Africa

How does my CPU??

A CPU is much more than just a component capable of processing data more than 1 GHz in our note we invite you to learn more in depth the characteristics and functions of the Central Processing Unit.

His concept: The letters represent CPU Central Processing Unit , ie the component that is the real brains of a PC in charge of processing the data and determine the potential and the price of a computer.

In recent years, the speed of the PCs gave a great tip, ranging from 600 MHz up to 1 GHz Today, with arrival expected at 1.5 GHz and the price the spark continues to increase, and consequently also increases the cost of equipment. But there is still a detail to clarify: The CPU performance is not only determined by the number of MHzs or GHzs it supports, but also by a number of factors that make key features.

• A CPU performs three basic tasks: Read the data, processes, and records them in memory.
• Speed \u200b\u200bis an important factor but not the only thing that determines whether the operation is correct or not. Other characteristics such as design, are quite important for assessing the performance of the microchip.
• chip to put on your computer depends only on the value you want to give the machine.

building blocks ...

Before you understand how a CPU, you should first know what are its components. Central Processing Unit, is comprised of millions of microscopic transistors recorded under a chemical process and photolithography in a polished surface of silicon, a rather small size.

these transistors store electrical charges corresponding to one or zero, forming binary code that computers use to communicate. The groups of transistors are all connected to each other, to store the different values \u200b\u200bof the information, also perform mathematical and logical functions, and the clock support, develop their functions synchronously. In other words, the transistors are responsible for processing all the information.

CPU Processing

A CPU processes information stored in the bytes of memory. This information can be data or instructions. A datum is a binary representation of a letter, number, or color, while an instruction tells the CPU to do with that data, ie whether to add it, if you subtract, move, etc.

As mentioned above, the CPU performs three basic operations on data: You can read , processing and write in memory. That is, the CPU needs only four elements for such operations with the data: The instructions , a pointer to the instructions (Instruction Pointer), some records, and the arithmetic logic unit .

• The Instruction Pointer tells the CPU where in memory needs to be located, instruction. The
• Records are temporary storage sites located in the CPU. A record contains data waiting to be processed by any statement, or data that has already been processed, for example, the addition or subtraction of one number, etc.
• The arithmetic logic unit is a kind of calculator that performs mathematical and logical engaged in the instructions.

On the other hand, the CPU has some additional parts that help these main components of the assignment:

• A search instructions (fetch) which contains the instructions from RAM or a memory area located on the CPU.
• A instruction decoder, which takes the instruction from the form and moves until the CPU understands. Then determines what steps to comply with that instruction. The
• control unit manages and coordinates all operations of the chip. This lets you know when the arithmetic logic unit to calculate, the search engine when to record a number, and the decoder when to move the figure in a statement. Tracking

instruction ....

The Instruction Pointer directs the seeker instruction (instruction fetch) to locate a memory location containing an instruction. The instruction fetch record and passes it to the decoder, which examines and determines what steps are necessary to continue with it. (A statement may include many steps that need to be implemented in a specific order).
Then the arithmetic logic unit performs the task indicated by the statement: You can add, subtract, or manipulate data in different ways. After the CPU interprets and executes the instruction, the control unit tells you record fetch the next instruction in memory. The process continues, instruction after instruction, to create the results you see on the monitor. That is why a common program like a word processor, is a series of instructions and data.

To make it all happen synchronously, you need a clock to synchronize all operations. This timing generator controls every action the CPU. Like a metronome, the clock generator sends pulses that set a pace in the CPU. These pulses are measured in millions of cycles per second, or megahertz, a common measure that is measured in processor speed. The more pulses, the faster the CPU. Therefore, if everything works correctly, a 700 MHz CPU would always be faster than a 600 MHz, but sometimes these differences are not as noticeable. Improving

CPU ...

A CPU only needs some basic elements to do their jobs, but their original design has been modified over the years to improve the overall performance, for this we can say that the objective of this reform is quite clear: "Process Data more quickly. "

While looking for ways to expedite the processing of data, chip manufacturers noted that a CPU did not process while looking for an instruction or RAM data. To reduce that period of repose was added within each CPU, a data storage area called cache. In this way, data and instructions can be stored temporarily within the same CPU, reducing the number of queries to the RAM. Affirming

then the idea of \u200b\u200bcache, the manufacturers of the systems included a type of RAM at very high speeds, called Level 2 or L2 cache , located between the first cache and RAM. Thus, a closer approximation to the CPU means an even smaller number of queries to the Ram and faster. Source

....

Average Of A Basketball Court

What processor should I buy? Targeta

When you go to buy a PC , is set in different aspects such as hard disk, monitor size, the amount of RAM, processor speed ... They are critical details to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe product we will buy.

As happens with cameras, there are details and points that can lead to confusion, because if we stop to think a little ... how is that a 12 megapixel camera can cost 70 euros?

As we move to a PC or rather a processor, there are also terms that can confuse your purchase. For example, processors are the same speed or clock frequency completely different prices. This is because the important thing is not so much processor clock frequency (eg 2.7 GHz), but other aspects such as the number of threads in multithreaded processing, the cache size or other.

important thing, as everything in life, is in know which processor to buy for the use we make team in question. Not everyone is an expert in the subject neither knows the power-to optimal use, but if you need to buy a processor and not know which to choose, you can use the wizard Intel processors.

The shopping assistant is very helpful because it evaluates the performance you need in terms of use, because through some questions, give us the solution to our need.

Ww11 Girdles Stockings

mother -

The mainboard also known as motherboard, mother plate or base is a basic component if not the most relevant in a PC. Their role is vital and large part of the overall performance quality is determined by this component. Its function is to manage the CPU and interconnect different peripherals.

As the CPU is the brain, the motherboard is the nervous system.

basic components:

• to microprocessor socket.
• Memory ROM (BIOS).
• memory banks. Chips
• support or "Chipset" north bridge and south , placas onboard. Buses
• internal: control, address, data buses
• External-called banks, sockets or "slots"
• connection with a power supply and manufacturing standards (form factor).

Microprocessor:

In the past they were assembled in the same mother format (BGA) and lacking in what is now called CPU sockets. In other cases

were PGA, today is very common in small embedded .

From the 486 onwards motherboards offered another possibility for expansion was placing the CPU units offering different different processing capabilities.

Obviously there are certain limits, so it's common to have a motherboard and CPU both frequencies have a quite different but always retaining the same features (socket, FSB) with the exception single clock and CPU multiplier. The chipset will automatically determine the CPU clock multiplier and (in some cases can be done in the form allowing manual overclocking).

A Pentium 3 motherboard is not compatible with a Pentium 2, but a Pentium 3 motherboard can support both a 500 MHz and 800 MHz for another example.

currently due to cost some economic motherboards offer processors assembled in the same plate but in reality is the CPU soldered to the expansion slot.

possible CPU Sockets: PGA

• : are the classical model, used in 386 and lot 486, consisting of a square connectors shaped hole where the legs are inserted the chip by pure pressure. According to the chip, is more or less holes. Socket
• with ZIF mechanism (Zero Insertion Force). In them, the processor is inserted and removed without need to exert some pressure on him. By lifting the lever is released there next to the microprocessor, and is very easy to remove. These sockets ensure microprocessor upgrade.

There are different types:

• Socket 423 and 478. They inserted the new Intel Pentium 4. The first refers to the model of 0.18 microns (Willamette) and the second constructed according to the 0.13 micron technology (Northwood). There are also some 478-Willamette core. Socket
• 462/Socket A. Both are the same type . This is where you insert the Athlon processors in newer versions:
• • Duron Athlon Athlon XP Athlon Thunderbird
  • Athlon MP Socket 370 or PPGA. Is the socket using the latest models of the Pentium III and Celeron processors from Intel.
  • Socket 8. Used by the Pentium Pro Socket 7
  • . They use the micros Pentium / Pentium MMX/K6/K6-2 or K6-3 and many others.
  • Other socket as the socket ZIF Socket-3 allows the insertion of a 486 and a Pentium Overdrive.
  • Socket 754: Used by the Athlon 64 Socket 940
  • : AMD Athlon 64 FX
• Slot A / Slot 1 / Slot 2. It's where you connect respectively the former Athlon AMD / Pentium II processors and old Pentium III / Intel Xeon processors dedicated to network servers. All of them are becoming obsolete. Insert mode is similar to a graphics card or sound, helping the two plastic guide inserted into the motherboard.

ROM:

The motherboards have a small portion of ROM which houses the BIOS (Basic Input / Output System). Before it was standard ROMs which did not allow to be rewritten, but currently used flash EPROM type that allows it to be rewritten several times (delicate and slow process.)

Through this BIOS define certain characteristics that will have the system , among them the clocks that will have different buses and would also be a small operating system basic. Operating Systems communicate with the system through the BIOS.

For various reasons or simple programming errors, manufacturers often provide updates to the BIOS that are rewritten by software.

There are not many BIOS manufacturers, we can confine ourselves almost 3 that are AMI, Award and Phoenix.

Sockets:

ISA (8-bit XT): The ISA bus runs a bus 20-bit address and data bus of 8 bits. The data flow travels like the XT 4.77MHz.

ISA (16 bit AT): AT extension manages an address bus 24-bit data bus of 16 bits. This bus is physically identical part and an extension. The data flow was doubled (8.33 Mhz)

Microchannel ®: Allows data path of 32 bits, wider, and a clock speed slightly higher than 10 Mhz, with transfer speed maximum of 20 Mbps compared to 8 Mbps ISA bus. The drawback was that it was patented. IBM attempted to brake competition which produced clones.

EISA: was the industry response IBM for its Micro Channel. Intended to operate at 32 bits while maintaining compatibility with the ISA bus type, so that it works 8.33mhz.

MCA and EISA were not taken (very little) because it increased the cost in more than 50% and that were created when the increase performance of unnecessary.

VESA Local Bus: It was created for video processing, to enhance their performance. Its data bus is 32 bits and operated synchronously with the CPU (hence the Local Bus). Ironically, his good performance was not being adopted en masse and lost ground with the PCI, as to be synchronous, as the increased CPU speed would be the VLB more expensive and their plates made, and a lack of compatibility between CPU generations.

PCI: It was called independent CPU and its speed was not dependent on the frequency of the CPU and VESA. Supports 32 or 64 bit data bus and address. Can operate at 33, 66 or even 100 Mhz. He is currently running at 32 bits and 33 MHz and it should have still future, all forms will be improved before being used in 64 bits. This architecture is capable of self-configure interrupts, DMA channels and ports attached peripherals using this type of bus.

AGP: Created based on PCI with only purpose for video plates (accelarate Graphics Port). The idea is to not share the bus with other devices and is also faster. Having no traffic and be faster achieved greater speed images (especially in 3D). The AGP is run completely separately from the rest of the data bus. There are currently several different specifications (1x, 2x, 4x and 8x) than double its rated speed of transmission. This
port supports a mode called Fast Writes to the memory of the video card can be written directly without passing the data by the principal memory.

1,017.3

BUS	Width (bits)	Frequency (MHz)	Banda Width (MBytes / sec)
8-bit ISA		8 8.3 7.9
16-bit ISA		16 8.3 15.9
EISA		32 8.3 31.8
VLB		32 33 127.2
PCI		32 33 127.2
64-bit PCI 2.1	64	66	508.6
AGP	32	66	254.3
AGP ( x2)	32	66x2	508.6
AGP (x4)	32	66x4

Buses have recently appeared or to appear:

AMR: Audio / Modem Riser. Bus is a single socket. It was created so that they can make modems or boards audio (or both) on a single plate in a more economic .

CNR: Communication and Network Riser. Similar to AMR, Audio support, Modem and Ethernet. It is commonly use in onboard chips.

PCI Express:

is the bus that will replace PCI while the PCI supports higher bandwidth and speed than you are currently using preferred replacement. It has a design to be used in all types of PC, is a workstation, desktop, laptop or server, not only for the desktop PC was designed as PCI.

As the industry is accustomed , PCI Express at software is fully compatible with PCI as the operating systems have no trouble recognizing this type of socket and use it. The change is identical to the ISA-8 to ISA-16, add a small module to the existing socket.

Your advantages is that the plates of this type of bus can be inserted and removed in operation, its frequency is much higher than the PCI standard and its cost benefit is very low.

There are also buses for communication between external peripherals to the PC, these buses or ports may be USB, parallel, serial, PS / 2 and FireWire among others. Although these ports are not specific to the mainboard (like the PCI), but are plates that are usually connected to PCI himself, are almost indispensable and are in most cases already (in plates onboard).

Serial: It 1-BIT. It is used primarily for the mouse, modem or some other low-speed peripherals.

Parallel: is 8 bits, often used in printers and scanners readers. support several modes (Normal, EPP and / or ECP) \u200b\u200bwhich basically changes the speed of reading, writing (actually decreases the number of operations per transaction).

PS / 2: The idea was to release a serial port for the mouse and improve other aspects such as vi-directional mode. Mainboards currently have 2 PS / 2 ports are used for mouse and keyboard.
USB: Universal Serial Bus As its name implies is not intended for any specific peripheral can be used from scanner printers, keyboards, mouse, CD burners and endless possibilities. FireWire
: Something similar to USB but much faster, the idea is to use hard disks, digital video camcorders . This type of port used the PCI 2.1 bus.
Memory Banks: Shape and
memory types are a separate chapter because of its complexity. In the mainboards we find basically (but not only) three types of banks possible. Banks
SIMM: 30 pin can be (16 bit) or 72 (32 bits).
DIMM Banking: Son of 168 contacts (64 bits). Banks
RIMM: Are memory architecture and design Rambus owns, are used in many Pentium 4.

Chipset

is set of several chips on the motherboard assembly. They are called north bridge and south bridge to the 2 most important. The south bridge is usually accompanied by other chips that replace the genuine pleasure in this kind are called "plaques onboard."

These two chips are vital, are part of the basic system of the PC.

original His concept is that the north bridge and memory manage southbridge data bus (sockets, serial and parallel), the south bridge communicates with the CPU through the north bridge. Its functions were eventually we will see some changes.

Currently, the northbridge is responsible for managing the memory and the AGP port. It connects to the CPU through a data bus called the FSB (Front Side Bus).

This chipset responsible for maintaining synchronization between the various system buses and the FSB.

Bridge connects north through another data bus (its name depends on the manufacturer) to the south bridge chip called.

The south bridge will be tasked primarily to manage the entire remaining data bus. All incoming and outgoing traffic is managed by this chip.

Its function is rather basic, it simply determines that the request of the bus board (through an IRQ) and informs the CPU.

Not only are these 2 unique chips also offer some additional chips are responsible for managing other PC services such as audio, video, IDE controller, serial, PS / 2, USB, among others.

These chips are only "plaques", except they are mounted on the same motherboard. His advantage is the economy and convenience of having everything in a single unit. Its disadvantage is that performance is not comparable to those of a genuine plate. Although in most cases (peripheral ports and IDE) vs no differences. a PCI card, in others such as video cards the difference can be huge.

chipset

Other are more economic north and south bridges together. For example the case of the SiS 735 chip that achieved an increase in performance over your competition and cost savings in manufacturing.

was launched recently a new architecture called AMD-x64, it is for AMD to be the name Athlon processor 64. This type of processor incorporates an integrated memory manager, so that the north bridge is relegated solely to manage the AGP port and interface with the south bridge.

Form Factors: The

new power requirements, in addition to solving various problems of internal wiring and maintaining a standard standard the cabinets were some changes on how these boards will be manufactured and exchanged their respective cabinets.

A different types of power and organization of the mainboard is called form factor.

Several, such as systems plane back (LPX), AT natural size, Baby-AT, NLX and ATX currently the most widely used and its variants , mini ATX, flex ATX and some specific manufacturers. The ATX is reaching its end, it will be replaced by a new standard called BTX.

ATX

The current version of the ATX standard is version 2.1. with over 10 years of development, implementation and correction of errors and improvements have made absolutely Extended ATX format. To give the entire PC is what is done is to define a base plate format and this will depend on the rest of the distribution of components.

When 10 years ago work began on the ATX form factor is thought to improve the status of the processor, Baby AT format, it was located between the expansion slots, in order to accommodate expansion cards larger, is also improved power connector is simplified and integrated connectors comprise all the plate in the situation that now everyone knows.

Previously most of the ports were located in slots as it does now in some boards with many FireWire or USB connectors. This new placement of the connectors also left site to increase number of PCI slots at that time was also longer in operation.

On the ATX standard has been different fixes that have affected not only shape but also PC his way of eating. For example, many will recall that with the launch of the Pentium 4 many power supplies had to be replaced by models with auxiliary jack and 12v to meet Intel's standards and the size of the boxes was also affected in length to accommodate a wider base plates. Standard ATX
will end in little time since early next year begin marketed a new format called BTX.

Within ATX specifications now find standard motherboard ATX, MicroATX and FlexATX. The remaining plates were of these three branches are specific applications for specific environments.

Although there may be different sized cabinets ATX defines a minimum and specified location of each component on the motherboard assembly. Standard ATX

ATX Cabinet

Micro ATX MicroATX born with the intention of reducing the size of PC while maintaining the highest number of possibilities for expansion and integration of components . It differs primarily in that the maximum involvement cards is reduced to four including the AGP.

Flex ATX

This type of plate is smaller than that found within the parameters set by Intel within the standard ATX. They tend to be well thought motherboards in total integration of everything you need to get cheap PCs, small and very specific applications such as computer to the office. Normally this level of integration makes options like AGP is not conceived for this type of PC

BTX BTX is Intel's response to its intention not to reduce energy consumption of its processors but increase in the coming months.
The new processors generate about 100W of heat (more or less generated 2.4c processor overclocked to 3.6GHz at 1.6v) and need a constant supply of fresh air. To do this in the new format developed by Intel to launch early next year, the processor will be located at the front of the box a fan of fresh air inlet pointing directly into the processor. BTX is an acronym that responds to Balanced Technology Extended and all its new developments based on the concept of air flow in line .

With this new structure is intended that the processor and other main components of the plate are located on the same vent line of the box in an attempt to reduce the number of fans that are currently needed in advanced or very low and maximizing Expansion opportunities such as SerialATA ports, USB, Firewire or very close and PCI Express slots. Within this format we can find three different sizes: BTX, and picoBTX MicroBTX. All three sizes can accommodate respectively 7, 4 and 1 PCI Express slots on the type and sizes ranging from 325mm width up to 203mm of BTX picoBTX. In the following scheme will see the volumetric structure of the ventilation system online.

Zone A is the volumetric structure of the processor and heatsink. In the area F have placed a fan, usually 8cm, which will air directly to the processor and other components like the northbridge of the motherboard, the memory , food plate and depending on the type of housing, including VGA. BTX Standard

Shooting Pain Through Anus

Main Board Power Supply

power supplies is responsible for delivering the necessary energy to different parts of the computer, but when you buy a cabinet that brings economic power source that does not mean that the dilemma is over. The computers of today suffer from two major problems that did not exist, and feed them dissipate their energy and temperature.

What is a source of power? Simply

is a transformer that plugs into 110 or 220V and delivers different voltage lines today are those dealing with 3.3v, 5v and 12v. To choose a power supply must look at two facts. Watts and amps. There should be a balance in this, but unfortunately many manufacturers have tried to sharpen us more than once. This is due to a power source could say that it is 500w, but this is not about being 500w continuous, 500w but the best, ie during 60 seconds, 20 degrees C, 0 % humidity and many other environmental factors necessary to ensure compliance, therefore it is better to be guided by the amperage, which in theory is the same as the Ohm's law states: Watts = (Volts * Amps) of Thus we can make an interesting exercise, so if a source has many watts in theory should have many amps.

- Why do we need a source of quality?

1 .- If you get your current home, 220v fluctuate too much, a good source filter may not have this and that variations in the internal current source of power. 2 .- Da

stability when overclocking. 3 .- Da

stability when you plugged 14 cathode lights.

source What do I need?

best known sources are the typical ATX, the oldest we occupied in PIII and early Athlon brought the 20-pin ATX connector, molex and floppy drive connector, these are the ATX 1.0, then because of the requirements needed by the P4 and its motherboards, ATX was created sources also come with a 12v auxiliary called ATX12V, these sources are the ATX 1.1.

Over time many boards especially high-end, for AthlonXP used it, but today there is a new format called ATX2.0, the difference between ATX 1.1 and ATX 2.0 is simple, bring a 24-connector pin, 4 pin ATX sources more than 1.1, this is because the new bus video cards and PCI-75A needs to function. The vast majority of current motherboards and even bring PCI-compatible ATX 1.1 but do not guarantee stability to these sources of power.

adapters are also 20 to 24 pins, but I really noticed that much use, because it is only one Y for 12v mean, is nothing but deception, that they help to maintain symmetry in the ATX connector and tight. Ojo, ATX 2.0 sources are backward compatible, you can take a K6 with a power adapter ATX2.0 using a 24-pin to 20 pin, this is included in the sources of power. Within the format ATX2.0 no sources with a +12 v line, with two +12 v lines and even with 4 lines of +12 v. Sources with two lines of 12V is to give more stability to the system. They have separate lines for the 12v going in Pin ATX 24-pin connector and the auxiliary line. The sources that bring 12v 4 lines using the two other lines to feed video cards are special platforms with SLI video cards which occupy two video cards simultaneously.
-Mas

Features Modular
1 .- Sources:

Also within this there is a new type of power source that differs only in aesthetics. Are called modular sources, in which you can choose to connect plugs and what not. Is the case with the Antec NeoPower the ModStream OCZ and Ultra X-Connect.

2 .- Sources with adjustable voltage

Some sources, usually the most expensive and famous, bring rails adjustable voltages. Meaning it can raise the voltage of 12V to 12.6V line for example in the case of the sources that bring regulation of 5%. This helps overclockers Indians, when they are under load and will run a benchmark, so the sources were Guatemalan and throw a little less voltage than indicated, for this simply upload the knob and return to the voltage expected. This is the case OCZ Powerstream 3 .- PFC: PFC stands for power factor correction. By PFC are more efficient sources, a power supply without PFC has lost between 30% to 50%, so your source is a Codegen 600w 300w real power, with PFC loss is 5% thus are more powerful.

in Europe Today's obligation that all electrical appliances that consume more than 50W bring PFC, this is because they spend less light and that are friendly to the environment, are also cooler and therefore last longer.

There are two types of PFC, the assets and liabilities

a. - Active PFC: correction system that refasea, restructuring and even amplifies the electrical signal to the output lines has a steady and uniform. This allows for greater system stability especially in places where electrical installation is not as Catholic.

b. - Passive PFC: passive PFC is a way more expensive PFC. Match the voltages and to remove noise. When a source does not emphasize that brings PFC Active PFC is because you bring a liability.

-If We understand nothing is foolproof tips to buy power supplies.

1 .- Read the ratings, the higher the amperage the better.

2 .- The weight of a heavy source in most cases is better than a lighter font. A good source does not weigh less than 1.3kgs

3 .- The price. Most of the time a power supply side is a good source of power.

4 .- If you are able to buy a good source not despise, is one of the few things that should not be upgrader often, and you can keep for generations of platforms.

Source ...

Twins 3rd Birthday Invitations

The History and Evolution of Computer

For centuries men have tried to use force and artifacts of different type to do their jobs, to make them more simple and fast. The known history of the artifacts calculators or computers, goes back many years before Christ.

The Abacus
Two principles have coexisted on this topic. One is to use things to have either the fingers , stones, shells, seeds . The other is to place these objects in certain positions. These principles are met in the abacus, instrument that serves to day today, to perform complex arithmetic with enormous speed and accuracy.
In the seventeenth century in the West was in use the slide rule, calculator based on research of Nappier, Gunther and Bissaker. John Napier (1550-1617) discovered the relationship between arithmetic and geometric series, creating tables called logarithms. Edmund Gunter is responsible for marking Napier's logarithms in lines. Bissaker in turn places the lines of Nappier and Gunter on a piece of wood, thus creating the slide rule. For over 200 years the slide rule is perfected, becoming a pocket calculator, extremely versatile. In
year 1700 the digital digital computers, represented by the abacus and calculators analog represented by the slide rule, were in common use throughout Europe.

The Pascaline
The first calculating machine mechanics, a precursor of the digital computer was invented in 1642 by mathematician Blaise Pascal French. device that used a set of wheels ten teeth in each a of teeth representing a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added making advance number of tooth. In 1670 the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz perfected this and invented a machine that could also multiply.
The French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard, when designing an automatic loom, used thin wooden plates perforated to control tissue used the complex designs. During the 1880 American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of \u200b\u200busing punched cards, similar to Jacquard's boards, for processing data. Hollerith got compile statistical information to the general population census of 1890 the United States through the use of a system that pretended punched cards on electrical contacts.


The Analytical Engine also in the nineteenth century British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage worked out the principles of digital computer modern. He invented a series of machines, as difference engine, designed to solve complex mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his partner, Augusta Ada Byron British Mathematics (1815-1852), daughter of English poet Lord Byron, as the true inventors of the modern digital computer. The technology of that time was not able to transfer their successful practice concepts, but one of his inventions, the analytical engine, and had many of the characteristics of a modern computer . Included a current or flow of input package in the form of punched cards, a memory to store data, a processor for math and a printer to make permanent registration.

First Computer
analog computers began to be built in the early twentieth century. The first model calculations performed by rotating shafts and gears. With these machines evaluated the numerical approximations of equations too difficult to be able to be resolved by other methods. During two world wars computer systems used analog first mechanical and then electrical, to predict the path of the torpedoes on submarines and the management distance of aviation bombs.

Electronic computers
1944 marks the date of the first computer , current mode, which is put into operation. It's Dr. Howard Aiken at Harvard University, USA, who presented with the name Mark I. This is the first machine of information processing . The Mark I operated electrically, instructions and information are introduced in it by means of punch cards and their components work based on electromechanical principles. Despite its weight exceeding 5 tons and slow compared to current equipment, was the first machine have all the features of a real computer.
The first electronic computer was built terminated in 1946, and JWMauchly JPEckert at the University of Pennsylvania, USA and was called ENIAC. With it begins a new era in which the computer becomes technology development center, and a profound change in the behavior of societies.
War II World (1939-1945), a team of scientists and mathematicians working in Bletchley Park, north London, created what was considered the first fully electronic digital computer, the Colossus . By December 1943 the Colossus , incorporating 1500 valves or vacuum tubes was already operational. It was used by the team led by Alan Turing to decode radio encrypted messages from the Germans. In 1939, independently of this project, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry had already built a prototype electronic machine at Iowa State College (USA). This prototype and research later were anonymous, and were later eclipsed by the development the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (in English ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1945. The ENIAC, which as shown is based on large as the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (English ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer ), obtained a patent that expired in 1973, several decades later.
The ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed several hundred multiplications per minute, but his program was connected the processor and should be changed manually. Is a successor to the ENIAC built with a storage program that was based on the concepts of Hungarian-American mathematician John Von Neumann. The instructions are stored in a memory call, thus freeing the computer speed limitations reader of paper tape during implementation and help remedy problems without need to reconnect to the computer.
the late 1950's the use of transistor in computers marked the advent of smaller logical elements, fast and versatile than machines with valves allowed. Because transistors use much less energy and have a longer shelf life , its development was due to the birth more sophisticated machines, which were calls from computers or second generation. The components are made smaller and the spaces between them, so making system was more expensive .

ICs
the late 1960's appeared the integrated circuit (IC), which enabled the production of multiple transistors on a single silicon substrate in which interconnection cables were soldiers. The integrated circuit allowed a further reduction in price, size and error rates. The microprocessor has become a reality in the mid 1970's, with the introduction of circuit scale integration (LSI, which stands for Large Scale Integrated) and, later, with the integration circuit greater scale ( VLSI stands for Very Large Scale inegrated), with several thousand transistors interconnected soldiers on a single silicon substrate. Generations

Taking account different stages of development that had the computer , consider the following divisions as isolated generation characteristics of each, which are listed below.
First Generation (1951-1958)
(Bulbs)
Features:
systems consisting of vacuum tubes gave off enough heat and had a relatively short life.
large and heavy machines. ENIAC computer is constructed of large (30 tons). High consumption
energy. The tube voltage was 300 v and the possibility of merging was great.
storage of information in magnetic drum interior. A magnetic drum available inside the computer, collect and store the data and programs to be supplied. Continuing
failures or interruptions in the process. They required
systems special auxiliary air conditioning.
Programming in machine language, consisting of long strings of bits, of zeros and ones, so the schedule was long and complex. High cost
.
use of punched cards to provide data and programs .
representative UNIVAC computer and used in presidential elections in 1952 U.S.. Manufacture industrial
. The initiative will venture to enter the field and started mass production of computers.
Second generation (1959-1964)
(Transistors)
When vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors, the latter were more economic , smaller than miniature valves ate less and produced less heat . For all these reasons, the circuit density could be increased significantly, which meant The components that could be placed much closer to each other and save much space .
Features: Transistor as a powerful
principal. The main component is a small piece of semiconductor, and called out in the transistor circuits. Decreased
size. Decreased consumption
and heat production. Reliability
reached unimaginable goals with vacuum tubes ephemeral. Faster
, the speed of operations is no longer measured in seconds but in ms.
internal memory ferrite cores. Instruments
Storage tapes and disks. Improve
input devices and output , for better read punch cards, were available solar cells. Introduction
modular elements .
increases reliability.
printers increase their working capacity . Programming Languages \u200b\u200b
more powerful, assemblers and high level (Fortran, cobol and Algol). Commercial applications
increase for the preparation of payrolls, billing and accounting, etc..
Third generation (1964 - 1971) Circuit
integrated (chips)
Features:
integrated circuit developed in 1958 by Jack Kilbry.
integrated circuit, miniaturization and assembly of hundreds of items in a plate or silicon (chip). Lower power consumption
. Dear
space reduction.
Increased reliability and flexibility.
Increases storage capacity and reducing response time . Generalization
programming languages \u200b\u200bhigh level. Support for
share software among several teams.
IBM 360 Series Computer.
Teleprocess: remote terminals are installed, who access the central computer to perform operations, remove or enter information into data banks, etc ...
Multiprogramming: Computers that can handle multiple programs simultaneously. Timeshare
: Using a computer for several clients shared time since the device can distinguish between different processes carried out simultaneously. Renewal
peripherals.
Implementation of the system. Extending
applications: Process in Education, Home, Agriculture, Administration, Games, etc.
The mini computer.
Fourth generation (1971-1982)
(embedded chips)
The microprocessor: the process of reducing the size of the components is operated at microscopic scales. The micro miniaturization allows you to build the microprocessor integrated circuit that governs the basic functions of the computer.
microprocessor applications have been projected beyond the computer and finds in crowd of devices are medical devices, automotive , toys, household appliances.
Electronic Memories: memories are discarded internal magnetic ferrite cores and memory are introduced Electronic , which are faster. At first the drawback of most cost, but decreases with mass production.
Treatment System database: the quantitative increase in the databases takes create ways to facilitate management tasks browsing and editing. The treatment systems database consists of a set of hardware and software interrelated allows easy use and fast data

Microprocessor Features: Powered by Intel Corporation at the request of a Japanese company (1971).
The Microprocessor: Integrated Circuit board that meets in Silicon the main functions of the computer and mounted on a structure that provides multiple connections with other elements.
circuits are minimized , increases storage capacity.
reduce response time.
Large expansion of the use of computers. Electronic Memories
faster.
treatment systems data bases. Generalization
applications: numerous and affect virtually all fields of activity Human Medicine, Home, Business, Education, Agriculture, Administration, Design, Engineering, etc ... Multithreaded
. Microcomputer


later generation and Artificial Intelligence (1982 -) The purpose of AI is to equip computers with "human intelligence" and the ability to reason to find solutions. Another key factor in the design , the ability of the computer to recognize patterns and sequences of processing that it has found (Heuristic programming) that allows the computer to remember results earlier and included in the processing, in essence, the computer will learn from their experiences will use their original Data for the answer through reasoning and maintain those results for further processing tasks and decision making. The newly acquired knowledge base will serve as for the next set of solutions.
Features: Faster
. Mayor
miniaturization of the elements.
Increases memory capacity.
Multiprocessor (processors interconnected). Natural Language
.
Programming Languages: Progol (Logic Programming) and LISP (List Processing).
voice activated machines that can respond to words spoken in different languages \u200b\u200band dialects. Capacity
translation between languages \u200b\u200bthat allow instant translation of spoken and written languages. Developing intelligent
of knowledge and data processing number.
processing features similar to the sequences of human processes.
Artificial Intelligence gathers within it the following aspects:

Expert Systems An expert system is a Library (providing information), if not, a counselor or specialist in a subject (hence to provide knowledge, advice experienced).
An expert system is a sophisticated computer program, has in its memory and its structure is a large amount of knowledge and, above all, to debug and offer strategies as required, making the system a specialist is scheduled. Doubles
thinking of recognized experts in the fields of medicine , military strategy, oil exploration, etc ... the computer is programmed to react in the same way you would expert to the same questions, drew the same initial findings, monitored in the same way the accuracy of the results and rounded ideas within well-defined principles. Natural Language

that consists of computers (and their applications in robotics) can communicate with people without any difficulty understanding, whether oral or written, talk to machines and that they understand our language and to be made to understand in our language . Robotics

science that deals with the study, development and applications of robots. The Robots are devices composed of sensors that receive input and are connected to the computer. It receives input information and commands the robot to perform a certain action and so on.
The purposes of building robots in his speech lie mainly in manufacturing processes. Eg spray painting, welding car bodies, moving materials, etc ...

speech recognition applications of voice recognition are intended to capture, by a computer, the human voice for the processing of natural language or any other type of function. Source

....

Manual En Español De Recon Tac-5m

All you need to know about the PSP2 .. MAC Clone

long ago it was rumored the possible development of a new handheld console Sony's PSP2. But those rumors subsided when he appeared on the mobile phone scene, PlayStation Phone, which at the time seemed the answer to notebook market to compete with Apple. However, only a few hours ago, Sony revealed the secret during a presentation in Tokyo and presented the true PSP2, which its creators say, " is as powerful as the PlayStation 3. "

To begin with, not even being called PSP2. For all, this new console called NGP (Next Generation Platform) and as such, it includes some pretty innovative details, but let's start at the beginning. This is a pretty big console, with dimensions of 182mm x 18.6mm x 83.5mm, leaving room for a touch screen 5-inch OLED, with a 16:9 aspect ratio and a resolution of 960x540. It includes four types of connections: 802.11b / g WiFi, 3G and Bluetooth. This should add two cameras, front and rear, a microphone, speakers, an integrated accelerometer and a gyroscope.

After much mystery, the PSP2 is called NGP.

All this is accompanied by a new operating system more simple and accessible. Since we have used Android, is composed of several screens, each dedicated to a console. Whether games, the social aspect or the market. These screens can be customized with several different types of icons and appearance. Talk about services at the end of the note, but it's worth noting that the store will bring several games to different platforms such as mobile phones and tablets, so they are working on an integration of the store to Android.

The hardware is a very important issue, especially when Nintendo made a console that also offer video and 3D images, is the most powerful it has taken so far in the handheld market. And Sony is not far behind with an ARM Cortex A-9 with four cores and a video card + PowerVR SGX543MP4 also four cores. We're talking about a card capable of displaying 133 million polygons on screen. In addition, the games come in a memory card unidentified " dedicated exclusively to NGP games, leaving aside the UMD format of the original PSP. All this makes us ask how could take the battery in this little monster, and although no official word on the matter, rumors indicate that potential would be between 4 and 5 hours of play. No doubt it sounds possible.

When talking about the controls, the console is very similar to what we expected, with the news we all wanted to include. In addition, the well-known directional pad, four face buttons and two of the top, we add a new analog stick and a touch screen. The two analog will be perfect to play FPS games and any other action and screen Touch menus make navigation simple and certainly have their positive aspects about playing. But those are not the only surprises.

As original Nintendo DS, which included two screens and touch, NPM also has some surprises up his sleeve, as the touch panel which has been in the back. This is definitely a novelty in terms of consoles. As explained by Sony, this panel will have a lot of new interactions for users, from touch, grab, push, scrape and pinch, as long as the game allows it, of course. In one example they showed, the player must lead balls on land and using the rear panel could be made mounds to direct the ball towards the right direction.

NPM offers a touchscreen OLED display, 5 inches.	touch rear panel allow various types of interaction.

Before talking about the games, we say that the pictures we have seen the games look great. Not match the PS3, because that's an exaggeration, but it is clear that NPM has better graphics than any other mobile platform of the moment. Even better than the iPhone 4. This power figure was shown on stage while playing a new Uncharted, developed exclusively for the laptop. Hideo Kojima also took the stage and showed the version of Metal Gear Solid 4 for the NGP, which is almost as well as its PlayStation 3 counterpart.

addition to the two mentioned above, during the presentation said have portable versions of games like Killzone, Wipeout, Resistance, Lost Planet, Monster Hunter, LittleBigPlanet, Call of Duty, Hustle Kings and Hot Shots Golf ... whatever that is. But the companies said they are working on titles for the console, Capcom, Codemasters, Gameloft, Hudson, Level-5, Namco Bandai, Sega, Square Enix, Tecmo, Ubisoft, Activision, Epic Games, High Voltage, PopCap Games, 2K Games, Warner Bros. Interactive, Rebellion, Rockstar Games, Team 17 and Konami. No doubt an impressive list of successful developers.

Graphics "similar to the PS3? To nothing. Graphics "flying wig? No doubt.

The ability to have integrated GPS also gives an opportunity to communicate with friends in other ways. For example, by applying LiveArea, you will see what we've been playing and how long people who are near your area. But this is only the beginning, as you can also chat with them and see rankings in various games, with only those who are in the area. But this is just one of many applications that are preparing to offer in the online bazaar that will also be available on phones with Android. Undoubtedly

looks like a very capable console that, unlike the original PSP, it offers things that no other platform offers. Today we know that is coming out in late 2011 but still remains to be seen how much we pay for this beauty. Given that Sony is likely to be a high sum, but you may get lucky and have learned their lesson. The prices we know are just rumors and, while one indicated that he would get the ridiculous sum of $ 599, Michael Pachter, analyst popular, said he would leave about $ 250. Place your bets! Source

....

What Size Trowel For 4x4 Tile

???.............

The MAC Address or MAC address (Media Access Control address or address media access control) is basically a single and unique hexadecimal identifier that have most Network-related equipment.

As mentioned, the MAC Address were initially designed so that you can not change. However, there are many reasons (legal or not) to justify the fact that I want to change your MAC Address. One of these reasons, and perhaps the main one is that Internet service providers, more precisely Cable Modem, record and control their users through the MAC Address, which often leads to certain problems (eg when Internet connection sharing with other PCs). MAC Address Clone

procedures vary modify and / or clone the MAC Address in Windows , including complex changes in the registry (regedit.exe), but the most simple thing I found was to use a small application called EtherChange (works in Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista).

After EtherChange download, run the program and proceed to clone the MAC Address:

1. Select the appropriate network adapter (NIC).
2. tipeamos 1 to specify a new Ethernet address, or MAC Address.
3. write the new MAC addreses no commas, dashes or any separators.

Ready! Now only is restart your computer to enable the new MAC Address.

Updated : There is also another alternative (among others) to change the MAC Address, which is to go to the configuration of our network card and enter the hexadecimal value for the address. The steps are as follows: Let

1. to [Control Panel ] Windows -> [Network Connections ].
2. Double click on your connection (Connecting local area network ...).
3. Click Properties and then Configure.
   
   
4. Then go to the Advanced tab or Advanced.
5. Within tab look for the Network Address field and specify the hexadecimal value that will MAC address our plate.

The problem with this method is that not all network cards allow you to modify the MAC Address, but still it remains useful to know.

Source ...

Weekly Average Of 1 Year Treasury 2010

typical network commands ......

network commands are used to detect the operation of a network and Internet árealocal with respect to the information transmitted, the command ejecutamosdesde
( Start-> Run and then escribimso and dmaos cmd enter)

Ping : Nosinforma the status of a host. We need to allow ICMP packets to sufuncionamiento.

• Ping-t: is pinged until we press Ctrl + C to stop the shipments.
• Ping-a: returns the name of the host.
• Ping-l: sets the size of the buffer. The default value is 32.
• Ping-f: prevents fragmented packets.
• Ping-n (value): Testing ping for a certain number deocasiones.
• Ping-i TTL: change the value of TTL. Elnuevo TTL value would be replaced.
• Ping-r (number of hops): Indicates the host by passing our table. (Maximum 9)
• Ping-v TOS: used in advanced networks to meet quality delservicio. Tracert

: Indicates that happens rutapor our petition to reach the destination host.

• Tracert-d: does not solve domain names.
• Tracert-h (value): set a maximum number of hops.

PatchPing : Mix between Ping and Tracert command.

• PatchPing-h (no. of hops): maximum number of hops.
• PatchPing-n Do not resolve hostnames.
• PatchPing -6: use IPv6 requires

Ipconfig : Provides information on TCP / IP, adapters, etc.

• Ipconfig / all: Detailed information about all t. ŶConnecting active network.
• ipconfig / renew: Renews DHCP request to a server
• ipconfig / release: Releases the IP assigned by DHCP
• Ipconfig / registerdns: logs all DNS names
• Ipconfig / flushdns: clear all DNS entries. Net

Various functions
• Net Send: Sends a messenger service through Net
• Start: Starts a Windows service
• Net Stop: Stops a Windows service
• Net Share: Indicates that shares resources
machine
• Net View: This indicates which machines have network access
• Net Sessions: Indicates who have entered our shares
• Net Time * / SET Synchronizes the time with a machine on the network
Net User
• : Create or remove users
• Net Localgroup: Creates or deletes groups

netstat: shows all active connections elequipo.

• Netstat-a: shows all connections and ports.
• Netstat-e: Displays Ethernet statistics
• Netstat-n displays addresses and ports as numbers.
• Netstat-o: show which program is associated with the active connection
• Netstat - p (protocol): allows you to specify which protocol you want ver.TCP / UDP
• Netstat-s displays statistics classified by protocol.

Nbtstat : useful for solving problems between Ips yNetbios.

• Nbtstat-c: List the names and relates Netbios to IP. Arp

: View and change data latabla Translation of IP addresses to MAC addresses (ARP table) [list] [*] Arp-a (also-g): Displays the ARP table for each of the interfaces [ *] Arp-s (ip_addr) (dir_MAC) [dir_interfaz]: adds an entry to the table specifies ARP.Si several network interfaces, adding the final delinterfaz IP address, adding it to the table for this interface [* ] Arp-d (ip_addr) [dir_interfaz]: Deletes a specified entry in the ARP table. You can usarcomodines in IP address. If multiple network interfaces, adding alfinal IP address of the interface, removes it from the table for eseinterfaz. Route


: ymodifica shows information about your computer's IP routes. Route

• PRINT: shows the complete routing table Route
• ADD (red_destino) MASK (mascara_destino) (Gateway) [METRICmetrica] [IF interface]: Adds a route. With the-p (route add-p ...) makes the route persistent, so that will remain even if you reboot elequipo.
• router (red_destino) MASK (mascara_Destino) [gateway]: Please remove specified path. Supports wildcards. CHANGE Route
• (red_destino) MASK (mascara_destino) (IP_salida / siguientesalto) [METRIC metric] [IF interface]: Modify the metric, or door in an existing route deenlace
  NOTE: Parameters in parentheses () sonobligatorios in brackets [] are optional.

TFTP transfer files from one place to another, senecesita a server in one of the two computers.

Netsh can be used inter alia Tochange network parameters from the command line.
such deaths, which could be placed in a batch file: netsh

interfaceip LAN set address name = source = static addr = 192.168.1.4 mask = 192.168.1.1 gwmetric1 255.255.255.0gateway =
netsh interface ip set dns name = LANsource = static addr = 80.58.0.33
netsh interface ip add dns name = LANaddr = 80.58.32.97

Source ...